A CULTURA DO SORGO (SORGHUM BICOLOR L. MOENCH): UMA REVISÃO SOBRE BOTÂNICA, MELHORAMENTO GENÉTICO E PRÁTICAS AGRONÔMICAS

Abstract

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stands out as a crop of high agronomic importance in tropical and subtropical regions due to its tolerance to water deficit and heat stress. In Brazil, it has been consolidated as a strategic alternative to maize in the second growing season, especially in the Cerrado region, owing to its greater yield stability under limited water availability. In addition to its relevance for grain, forage, and bioenergy production, sorghum plays a key role in supplying the animal feed industry, contributing to the sustainability of agricultural systems. This study aimed to conduct a scientific literature review on sorghum, addressing its origin, botanical, morphophysiological, and phenological aspects, as well as advances in genetic improvement and the importance of agronomic management. The methodology consisted of a qualitative research approach based on the analysis of national and international scientific articles and technical documents. The results indicate that the evolution of breeding methods, including the consolidation of hybrid development and the incorporation of tools such as marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and gene editing, has led to significant gains in productivity, adaptability, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, appropriate management of plant density and row spacing directly influences solar radiation interception, intraspecific competition, and the expression of yield potential. It is concluded that the integration of genetic improvement and evidence-based agronomic practices is essential for the sustainable expansion of sorghum cultivation in Brazilian agricultural systems.