COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA E ATIVIDADE BIOLÓGICA DO ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DAS FOLHAS E FRUTOS DA ALMECEGA (Protium Heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand)

Abstract

CABRAL, RODRIGO SEBASTIÃO CRUVINEL. C. Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde – GO, February of 2019. Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil of leaves and fruits of the almecega (Protium heptaphyllum). Dr.João Carlos Perbone de Souza “Supervisor”, Dr.ª Cássia Cristina Fernandes Alves “Co-supervisor”, Dr. Mayker L. D. Miranda“Co-supervisor”.

Protium heptapyllum, which belongs to the Burseraceae family, popularly called “almecega”, is a class of native plant and well subdivided in several regions of Brazil. Studies show that the majority of the national population uses alternative medicine as a source of therapeutic resources. With the increase in demand for the use of medicinal plants to cure or prevent diseases, the cultivation and/or extraction of these plants has become an increasingly important alternative in national agriculture. Several studies have already reported the medicinal potential of the essential oil of Protium heptallium, but comparative studies have not been found, of young and mature leaves, nor the chemical composition of young leaves, the essential oil content of adult and young leaves, green and ripe fruits. Of the same, in the fight against bactericidal and leishmanicidal agents. Thus, the plant material was subjected to hydrodistillation and the chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil present in the leaves and fruits of P. heptaphyllum were analyzed. The plant material was collected in the city of Iporá - GO between 7 am and 10 am, and subsequently taken to the Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory of the Federal Goiano Institute - Rio Verde Campus where the leaves of the fruits of P. heptaphyllum were separated. The material was then crushed and submitted to extraction, in triplicate, by steam dragging in a Clevenger type apparatus, for 4 h. The hydrolates obtained were subjected to liquid-liquid partition with dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), the organic fractions were combined and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Subsequently, the chemical compounds were identified through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC). Subsequently, with the essential oils, the activity of the oil was evaluated in the control of Bacteroides fragilis, Leishmania amazonenses and also white mold. The main constituents identified in the young leaves were: β-karyophylene (15.1%,), β-elemene (9.4%), 1.8-cineole (8.1%), α-pinene (7.5% ), caryophyllene oxide (7.1%) and limonene (6.5%), highlighting α-Pinene (7.5%); 1,8-cineole (8.1%); β-Elemene (9.4%) and karyophylene oxide (7.1%) were identified in a higher concentration in young leaves and guaiol (7.5%) with a higher concentration in adult leaves, among these constituents β-karyophylene (15.0%) and guaiol (7.5%) are the major compounds and the extracted oil was effective against the Leishmania species. Young leaves of the species P. heptaphyllum had a greater effect in comparison to adult leaves against L. amazonenses. In the OE of P. heptaphyllum green fruits, the main constituents were identified: mycrene (59.0%), germacrene D (10.6%), α-cadinol (8.8%) and β-element (8.2% ). The OE of ripe fruits identified the main components: myrcene (31.2%), limonene (12.9%), trans-nerolidol (9.8%) and spatulenol (7.8%) identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrum. The essential oil from the leaves of P. heptaphyllum showed efficacy against Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 50 µg/mL) and against Streptococcus mittis (MIC = 62.5 µg / mL). It was also found that the oil of green and ripe fruits had an action against Prevotella nigrescens (both, MIC=50 µg/mL). With the development of this work, he was able to affirm the antibacterial action, antileishmanicidal action and cytotoxic activity of the OE of young and adult leaves and of the fruits of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand, indicating its use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic area, among others, in order to reduce the use. of synthetic products that cause damage to public health.